Please explain few advantages and disadvantages for the following charts

Economies of scale. Eg, all financial recording goes through a specialist, skilled department. Standardisation. Not clear what this means. Perhaps it means that everyone has a reasonable idea what the sales department does. Empire building. Department heads want more and more staff etc, even if not really justified. They might also become obstructive. Training. Eg become the chief accountant in a small division then progress to a larger one after gaining experience.

Thank you sir.