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Unethical behaviour in financial reporting

Examples include knowingly omitting a material liability, manipulating an estimate without support, or misusing confidential information. Evaluate the facts against the applicable code, law and standards, identify threats and consider available actions and safeguards. Not every error is unethical: intention, knowledge, diligence and response to the issue matter. If a threat cannot be reduced to an acceptable level, further action may be required under the applicable code.

Worked example

A manager instructs an accountant to conceal a known material lawsuit obligation. The accountant challenges the instruction, considers the reporting requirements and escalates through appropriate channels in line with the relevant code and policies.

Common mistake

Treating an honest, corrected estimation error as automatically deliberate misconduct, or accepting a known material omission because management requested it.

Where it appears in your exams

QualificationExamRelationshipPeriod
ACCA FR Supporting September 2026–June 2027
ACCA SBR Direct September 2026–June 2027