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Sources of finance

Sources of finance include retained earnings, released working capital, asset disposals, new equity, borrowing and lease arrangements. These can be classified by origin, maturity and whether they create ownership or creditor claims; the classifications are distinct. Evaluate cost, availability, control, repayment timing, covenants and risk in relation to the purpose and cash flows being financed. A source that appears inexpensive may create liquidity pressure or dilute ownership, and a suitable mix depends on the organisation's circumstances.

Worked example

A company needs $2 million for new equipment. It compares retaining $500,000 of earnings, issuing $500,000 of equity and borrowing $1 million, checking dilution, interest, repayment and the project's expected cash generation.

Common mistake

Treating retained earnings as free of economic cost or classifying all external finance as debt.

Where it appears in your exams

QualificationExamRelationshipPeriod
ACCA AFM Supporting September 2026–June 2027
ACCA FM Direct September 2026–June 2027