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Product life cycle

The product life cycle describes a product’s market development through stages commonly labelled introduction, growth, maturity and decline. Sales patterns, competition, prices, marketing and support needs can differ by stage. It is a planning framework, not a rule that every product follows a predictable timetable. Distinguish it from a cost life cycle, which can begin before sales with research and design and continue afterwards through support or disposal.

Worked example

A new device has low initial sales and launch spending, then growing demand, price competition at maturity and falling sales as alternatives emerge.

Common mistake

Do not extrapolate a historical growth trend indefinitely or assume stage labels establish a reliable forecast without market evidence.

Where it appears in your exams

QualificationExamRelationshipPeriod
ACCA APM Supporting September 2026–June 2027
ACCA MA Direct September 2026–June 2027
ACCA PM Direct September 2026–June 2027
FIA FMA Direct September 2026–June 2027