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Material price variance

The material price variance measures the difference between standard and actual price for the actual quantity valued. Using favourable-positive convention, it is actual quantity × (standard price − actual price). State whether the system recognises the variance on purchases or usage; inventory changes can make the quantities differ. Causes may include market prices, supplier choice, order size and quality, so price performance must be considered with usage and operational effects.

Worked example

Purchase 1,000 kg at $4.20 against standard $4.00. Price variance is 1,000 × ($4.00 − $4.20) = $200 adverse on a purchase basis.

Common mistake

Do not use standard quantity for actual output in a price variance, or mix a purchases-based price variance with usage totals without reconciling inventory.

Where it appears in your exams

QualificationExamRelationshipPeriod
ACCA MA Direct September 2026–June 2027
ACCA PM Supporting September 2026–June 2027
FIA FMA Direct September 2026–June 2027