Fraud triangle
The fraud triangle describes three conditions often associated with fraud: pressure or incentive, opportunity and rationalisation. For example, financial pressure can combine with weak access controls and a person’s justification for the act. The model helps organise risk-factor discussions but cannot establish that a person committed fraud or predict all fraudulent conduct. The auditor assesses actual evidence and responds to the risks under the applicable auditing standard.
Worked example
A manager faces a bonus target, can override a journal-entry control and believes an unsupported adjustment is temporary. These conditions may warrant further audit work, not an automatic accusation.
Common mistake
The model identifies conditions to consider; the presence of one or more is not proof of fraud and their apparent absence does not rule it out.
Where it appears in your exams
| Qualification | Exam | Relationship | Period |
|---|---|---|---|
| ACCA | AA | Supporting | September 2026–June 2027 |
| ACCA | AAA (INT) | Supporting | September 2026–June 2027 |
