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Fraud triangle

The fraud triangle describes three conditions often associated with fraud: pressure or incentive, opportunity and rationalisation. For example, financial pressure can combine with weak access controls and a person’s justification for the act. The model helps organise risk-factor discussions but cannot establish that a person committed fraud or predict all fraudulent conduct. The auditor assesses actual evidence and responds to the risks under the applicable auditing standard.

Worked example

A manager faces a bonus target, can override a journal-entry control and believes an unsupported adjustment is temporary. These conditions may warrant further audit work, not an automatic accusation.

Common mistake

The model identifies conditions to consider; the presence of one or more is not proof of fraud and their apparent absence does not rule it out.

Where it appears in your exams

QualificationExamRelationshipPeriod
ACCA AA Supporting September 2026–June 2027
ACCA AAA (INT) Supporting September 2026–June 2027