Q1. is the issuing costs and transaction costs same ? Q2. When a financial instrument is issued say debt or shares, who bears the transaction costs ..issuer or holder. ? Q3. Is it the case that every time when shares are issued its issuing costs are charged against the proceeds from issue (Usually from share premium). If so, what happens when shares are issued at par i.e no premium is there ? Are companies allowed to use equity for bearing issuing expenses ?