Dear tutor, Is the “standard derivation of total equity return” means the “systematic risk” of a company? I am confused when attempting to question 6-Merchart Bank on page 156 of the tutorial lecture note (PDF). From the answer, it calculated beta by: covariance (company and market) / variance of market. My question is why not: beta = standard deviation of company / standard deviation of market? Would you please advise what is the difference to calculate beta by the following formula: 1. Beta = systematic risk of company / systematic risk of market; and 2. Beta = covariance (company and market) / variance of market. Thansk a lot!