Analytical procedures as audit evidence are STRICTLY substantive Enquiry alone is never sufficient as a test of control. As a substantive procedure it is really “enquiry and confirmation” (e.g. an external confirmation/circularisation request) Inspection – of a document to determine whether it has been approved or not would be a ToC, but inspecting an asset to confirm its existence is substantive Observation – means “of a procedure” – i.e. ToC RecalcUlation – is substantive (as is anything which confirms a monetary amount). The ToC equivalent of this is “reperformance”.